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Matteo: There are four problem spots in this essay. This gives you about a 90. Fix all four of them to raise the grade to a 90.] Did Eric and Milton work with you on this? This essay has their name on it. But the complete essay does not appear on their wikis? __ The Middle Ages __

The middle Ages lasted from about started in 500 A.D and ended in 14,000 A.D. Charles Martel is a Frankish leader. His grandsons’ name is “Charles the Great”. Charlemagne conquered kingdoms in the southwestern part of what is now France. He conquered what are now, France, Italy, and Germany. He was crowned Roman Emperor because in 800: he showed up with his army. Then Pope Leo III crowned him as the emperor.

Feudalism is a way of keeping peace in Europe. It was created about 800.The way it worked was they divided land into fiefs. A fief is a land or king or other powerful landowner would give nobles. In other words they were given to loyalty. Feudalism helped maintain peace and order because it made sure that everyone got their fair share of land and crops. Vassals were people who took an oath to their loyal subjects. A lord is a very loyal person. They normally are in control of everything. They are the bosses. The similarity between them is that they are both loyal to the king. But, also they live in the same area of land. A fief is an area of land that is assigned to someone by the king. An oath of fealty is when you take an oath to the kings that you will always be royal to them, and that you will protect them during the wars. The code of Chivalry was the code of conduct that knights thought they should follow. Knights were soldiers of the past. They fought in metal armor. The Code they followed was “The Code of Conduct “The responsibilities of a knight were that they had to fight in the war to protect their cities and towns. The role that the serfs had was they played as a slave. But, they were not actually a slave. They couldn’t leave their fief without the permission of the king or lord .[What did the serf have to do or give to the lord of the manor??] A manor is a settlement such as, a big group of serfs on their fiefs. Like a community of serfs living on their fiefs would be considered as a manor. On the manor it would usually have a serf or a multiple amount of serfs. Vikings was extreme warriors. They were best known for their helmets and brave actions. In, 1066 William crossed the English Channel with 5,000 soldiers. William defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England. He was then known as “William the Conqueror”. William established a strong element of government in England. Also, he brought some French to the island. King John was forced by his vassals, in 1215, to sign an important document. He was the king of England. The document was called the “Magna Carta” The group that forced him to sign it was the vassals. The Magna Carta was a very important document because of its content. Magna Carta means great charter. The Magna Carta states that the king could not violate the rights of men and women by setting unfair taxes or demands of goods. The Magna Carta protects the rights of men and women.

The primary religion in the middle ages was that they were Catholic. Monks were a very religious group of people. Most of them were bald. But, there was an occasional one who was not bald. They dedicated their lives to a religious and godly life. The monks had to obey the head monk, known as the abbot. The monks praise, glory and pray to god to help them through their troubles and to help them make it through their life. They are complete worshipers of god. They spend most time praying. They make wine, medicines, and craft goods. A monasteries was farm schools, homes, and churches rolled in to one. The role monks had been to keep the people on different religions separated. The monks copied Greek and roman texts and wrote books of prayers in the scriptorium. Besides Ancient Greek and Latin texts they also copy down roman texts. Were, or are, women who were chosen to serve god by becoming a nun .[ The preceding sentence does not make sense.] A convent was a special community that the nuns lived in. A cathedral is a large and tall church. It is served as a Christian church in the community. The crusades were a series of warriors fought by the Musslems [fix spelling] and the Christians. They fought over land where Jesus lived. This was Jerusalem (the holy land). The Christian Crusaders fought with the Muslims and the Christians. The Reconquista was a long war fought by Christian armies to recapture Spain. It began in 718, but it did not end until 1492. The craftsmen during the middle ages were the people who were good at something and had skills. The merchants were the people who sold the good. The expectations of an apprentice were to help the craftsmen with smaller things, as the craftsman teaches the apprentice how to build goods. A journeyman craftsman is a person who goes to towns on foot to try to find a place where he is needed. Then once we he finds a town he becomes a master craftsman. When the journeyman craftsman becomes a master craftsman he needs an apprentice to teach. The apprentice works for the craftsman until the craftsman says he can become a journeyman craftsman. The journeyman craftsman becomes an apprentice when he finds a town where he is needed and can get a job. A guild is an association including tailors, stone masons, shoemakers, drapers, bakers, locksmiths, painters, joiners, and master builders. The goal of a guild is to make goods. The bubonic plague also known as the Black Death was a disease that spread from fleas to rats to humans. 90% of the people who got the disease died from it.[What percentage of Europeans died from the plague--look it up in Our World.]